Joins and hooks cheat sheet

A quick look at joins, joins across roles, and hooks on one page. Nothing here is new: each row links to the section that teaches it. Stage: B Beginner, I Intermediate, A Advanced.

One vowel map

Joins and hooks share their vowels. Single vowels and the join ua are Beginner; the other stacked vowels are Intermediate.

Vowel	Join after a list	Hook between two same-role words	Hook before /b/ (-l / -m)
a ≈ add	and	including	in / amid
o ≈ one	pick one	instead	at / near
e ≈ order	rank: first matters most	or rather	for / used by
u ≈ undo	not / neither / none of	except	from / away from
ao	and/or (at least one)		on / over
ua	everything but; alone everything	range: strictly between	out of / out from among
uo	anything but		through / by way of
ae	in order: A, then B		using / by
oe	tie: equal rank	range: A through B	toward / in the direction of
ue	rank reversed: last first	range: outside A–B	against / contrary to

Joins

Shape

Rule	Example	English	Stage
Items first, then the join; its first letter matches the items	zodogal zagadul zal	a dog and a cat	B
	vowogal varahal vam	walks and runs (and possibly more)	B
Clause joins (/x/) go between clauses	zazawan vowogal xam zalahen varahal	Azawan walks and Alahen runs	B
A different clause join closes everything before it	A xol B xal C	(A or B) and C	B
Nest by stacking joins	zedehel zagavel zol zowodel zal	(tea or coffee) and water	I
Scope island keeps a small list inside a bigger one of the same role	zazawan { zowodel zal } zam	Azawan and (just water)	A

Endings

Ending	On a join	Stage
-l	closed: the listed items are the only ones	B
-m	open: (and possibly more); alone, as far as I know	B
-r	one unnamed member (something, someone); one vowel only	B
-n	/z/ /d/ /b/: a named list; /x/: sequence; /v/: join-act verb; /ɡ/ /h/: join-relation	I–A

How many items

The same join reads differently with two or more items, one item, or none. Shown under /z/; swap the first letter for any role. Full lists: single-item and standalone inventories.

Join	2+ items	1 item (X)	No items	Stage
zal	A and B	just X	nothing / nobody	B
zam	A and B (and possibly more)	X, for one	nothing, as far as I know	B
zol	A or B (pick one)	the only option is X	no options	B
zom	A or B (optional)	X (optional)	no pick, as far as I know	B
zul	neither A nor B	not X	no	B
zum	neither A nor B (and possibly more)	not X (and possibly more)	no, as far as I know	B
zual	everything but A and B	everything but X	everything / everyone	B
zel	A matters more than B	only X matters	no favorite	B
zem		X first / mainly X	no favorite, as far as I know	B
zar	some one of A and B	some (unknown) X	something / someone	B
zor	any of A and B is fine	any X	anything / anyone	B
zur	some one other than A and B	something other than X	something else	B
zer	pick by ranking	preferably some X	whatever's most important	B
zaol	A and/or B	X is enough	all set	I
zuol	anything but A and B	anything but X	anything (goes)	I
zael	A, then B	start with X	in no particular order	I
zaem	roughly A, then B	maybe start with X	not sure where to start	I
zoel	A and B tied	X tied for	it's a draw	I
zuel	B, then A (last first)	X last	no least-favorite	I

A clause join (/x/) has no one-item reading. Alone, it stands for a clause: xal nothing happened, xar something happened.

Around a join

Job	Example	English	Stage
SHARED: describe every item, right after the join	zodogal zagadul zal gamadam	(challenging dog) and (challenging cat)	I
Every K	zual gagadul	every cat	I
K in general	zuam gagadul	cats in general	I
The kind itself	zuan gagadul	the cat (as a species)	I
No K	zul gagadul	no cat	I
Not every K	zual gagadul zul	not every cat	I
Respectively	zazawan zalahen zal vahahal dagadul dodogal wazem dal	saw a cat and a dog, respectively	I
Deny the whole list	vowogal varahal val vul	not both walk and run	I
Deny each item	vowogal varahal vul	neither walk nor run	B
Named list	zebevul zabodel zan	bread and butter (the set phrase)	A

Joins across roles

The vowels keep their moves under /v/, /ɡ/, /h/, and /x/. With -n, they become join-act verbs, join-relations (always followed by one /b/), and clause sequence words. All Intermediate.

Vowel	Verb (/v/ + object)	Relation (/ɡ/ / /h/ + /b/)	Between clauses (/x/)
a	van includes	gan / han including, with	xan and then
o	von chooses	gon / hon exclusive for	xon or maybe, failing that
ao	vaon picks (more may follow)	gaon / haon open to, among options	xaon and/or maybe
u	vun refuses	gun / hun against, refusing	xun and then not
ua	vuan excludes	guan / huan without
uo	vuon bars	guon / huon anything but
e	ven prioritizes	gen / hen prioritizing
ae	vaen starts with	gaen / haen starting with
oe	voen equates	goen / hoen on a par with
ue	vuen deprioritizes	guen / huen deprioritizing	xuen and before that

Stance joins (/th/) work on the stance words before them, not the claim: thavem berehel thul not because of the rain. With clause grounds, the join goes before barl: thavem thul barl not because …. Alone, they say how to take the claim:

Agazan	English	Agazan	English
thal	at face value	thul	no judgment
thual	all things considered	thel	impartially
thoel	equally balanced	thar (in a question)	why do you say so?

Hooks

A hook has no role letter: just a vowel (or two) and an ending. Tell the kinds apart by what sits around it.

Around the hook	Kind	Example	English	Stage
two words in the same role	same-role	zavahal al zazawan	the family, including Azawan	B
front of the sentence	glue to prior talk	al zazawan vowogal	Additionally, Azawan walks	B
/b/ right after, no recipient /b/ right before	extra noun	zodogal vezebal al bahazal	a dog sleeps in a house	B
-r, nothing on the right	point back	zalahen vehahel or	Alahen sits there	I
stacked vowel between two same-role words	range	zazawan oel zahaben	Azawan through Ahaben	I
fused onto a citation	hook compound	vowogalul	leave	A

Same-role and front of sentence

-l: B is the whole story. -m: and maybe more (in-clause) or one of several (at the front). -n names the whole phrase: dedehel on dagavel Tea-to-Coffee (a cafe).

Hook	A HOOK B	At the front	-m at the front	Stage
al	A, including B	Additionally, …	am Among other things, …	B
el	A, or rather B	In other words, …	em To put it one way, …	B
ol	B instead of A	Instead, … / Actually, …	om Instead, for instance, …	B
ul	A except B	Except, …	um Except, among other exceptions, …	B
ael		In fact, …	aem In fact, and maybe more, …	I
aol		For example, …	aom For example, among others, …	I
or		Anyway, …		I
er		As I said, …		I
ar		Going back to that, …		I
ur		Never mind that, …		I

More: parallel chains zavahal am zazawan ul zalahen (each hook applies to A); detail on the hook wezum al even; ranges ual strictly between, uel outside, uar someone between. All Intermediate.

Extra nouns

Hook, then the landmark in /b/. -m makes the landmark the general setting. -r drops the landmark and points back. Fused onto a citation, the hook makes a verb (shown from walk).

-l	-m	-r	Fused -l
al in	am amid	ar in there	owogalal enter
aol on	aom over	aor on it	owogalaol mount
ol at	om near	or there	owogalol attend
oel toward	oem in the direction of		owogaloel head for
ul from, since	um away from	ur from there	owogalul leave
ual out of	uam out from among		owogalual exit
uol through	uom by way of	uor through there	owogaluol traverse
el for	em used by (B's)	er for it	owogalel serve
ael using	aem by	aer with it	owogalael wield
uel against	uem contrary to		owogaluel oppose

Stage: al ol ul el -l are Beginner; the rest of the first three columns Intermediate; fused forms Advanced.

Handy phrases

Agazan	English	Stage
ul barl + clause	since (that happened)	B
ol bar	somewhere; in a question, where?	I
ol bur / ol bal / ol bual	somewhere else / nowhere / everywhere	I
ael bar (in a question)	with what?	I
om bamun / om behon	here, this / there by you, that	I
om bahan / um bahan	here with us / over there	I
vuvudel oel bamun	comes to me	I
valagel dabegol oel bamun	brings me the package	I
zodogal em bamun	my dog (in my use)	I

Don't mix up

This	vs	That
zodogal zul no dog (join denies)		zavahal ul zazawan the family except Azawan (hook takes B out of A)
zahodom gan bazawan a team including Azawan (join-relation)		zahodom al zazawan the team, including Azawan (afterthought)
zazawan zahaben zal the two of them (vs a range)		zazawan oel zahaben Azawan through Ahaben; zazawan zahaben zael Azawan, then Ahaben
hook oel toward X (where a path ends)		zael + X start with X (where it starts)
xan and then (what happened next)		xael (the order is part of the claim: a recipe)
vun refuses		vuan excludes
ol … Instead, … (replaces the last claim)		or … Anyway, … (back to the main line)