Linking clauses cheat sheet

A quick look at dependents and relations on one page. Nothing here is new: each row links to the section that teaches it. Stage: B Beginner, I Intermediate, A Advanced.

A sentence that fills a slot

Agazan has no who / that / which. For a noun, write two sentences. For a whole clause in a role, end the main sentence on a stand-in and write the clause right after it. Do not open that clause with /y/; it names its own /z/.

Stand-ins

The vowel is the kind of content, the same four vowels as the act words. -rl is the whole content, -rm leaves it open.

Stand-in	Content	-rl locked	-rm open	Stage
a	a statement	darl that …	darm that … (gist)	B
o	a question	dorl whether …	dorm whether … (open)	B
e	an instruction	derl to …	derm to … (open)	I
u	something to avoid	durl that not / lest …	durm lest … (open)	I

Job	Example	English	Stage
That-clause	zazawan vezebel balahen darl zodogal varahal.	Azawan tells Alahen that the dog runs.	B
Whether	zazawan vahahal dorl zalahen vowogal.	Azawan sees whether Alahen walks.	B
Told to	zazawan vezebel balahen derl vehahel.	Azawan tells Alahen to sit.	I
Told not to	zazawan vezebel balahen durl vehahel.	Azawan tells Alahen not to sit.	I
Own subject, no one told	zazawan vohum derl zazawan vehahel.	Azawan wishes to sit.	I
Join inside the clause: xol	zazawan vahahal dorl zalahen vowogal xol zahaben varahal.	Azawan sees whether Alahen walks or Ahaben runs.	I

The vowels match the act words: yal statement, yol question, yul avoid.

Drop the inner /z/ only after derl / derm or durl / durm filling /d/, when the outer sentence has one unhosted /b/ (the person told). Everywhere else, write it. The clause runs to the end of the written sentence.

Pointing back

-rth points back at content already said, so nothing follows it. The vowel picks the kind, and the word stands for the most recent content of that kind.

Stand-in	Points back to	English	Stage
darth	the last statement	so / that	I
dorth	the last question	that question	I
derth	the last instruction	that (instruction)	I
durth	the last not / lest content	not (I hope not)	I

Job	Example	English	Stage
Say so	zalahen vehahel. zazawan vezebel darth.	Alahen sits. Azawan says so.	I

Other role letters work the same way: barth after a pole (because of that), zarth as the subject. There is no stand-in on /ɡ/, /h/, /w/, or /th/.

Verbs and subjects that take a sentence

-rn (or -n after two vowels) makes a fixed word for the kind of content. On /v/ these verbs take the next sentence as their content.

Agazan	Takes	English	Stage
varn	a statement	state…	A
vorn	a question	question…	A
vern	an instruction	command…	A
vurn	something to avoid	prohibit…	A
vaen	accepts a statement	confirm that…	A
vuen	rejects a statement	deny that…	A
vaon	accepts a proposed action	agree to…	A
vuon	rejects a proposed action	decline to…	A
vuan	rejects the premise	dispute the premise that…	A

Job	Example	English	Stage
Confirm	zazawan vaen zalahen vehahel.	Azawan confirms that Alahen sits.	A
Decline	zazawan vuon zazawan vehahel.	Azawan declines to sit.	A
It is … that	gamadam zarl zazawan vowogal.	It is hard for Azawan to walk.	A
Nested	zazawan gezebul thavem barl zalahen vowogal thavem barl zahaben vezebal.	Azawan is sleepy because Alahen walks because Ahaben sleeps.	A

Because, if, although

A pole names the link and takes the stand-in barl as its /b/. Keep the pair last, then the dependent sentence. Poles use the abstract -m. Because and if are stance, so /th/; the rest describe the event, so /h/. A noun in /b/ in place of barl works too (despite Alahen); on a noun, swap the letter to /ɡ/.

Agazan	English	Stage
thavem barl	because	B
thoyem barl	if	B
tholum barl	only if	B
thedam barl	if and only if	B
hezom barl	although / even though	B
huwem barl	while	B
homam barl	until	B
heveham barl	by the time	B
habam barl	before	B
hanom barl	after	B
hogom barl	so that / in order to	B

Job	Example	English	Stage
Because	zazawan vezehel thavem barl zalahen vowogal.	Azawan sings because Alahen walks.	B
If, on a command	yel vowogal thoyem barl zalahen vehahel.	If Alahen sits, walk.	B
Despite, with a noun	zazawan vowogal hezom balahen.	Azawan walks despite Alahen.	B
So that	zazawan vowogal hogom barl zalahen vehahel.	Azawan walks so that Alahen sits.	B
In order to: name the doer again	zazawan vowogal hogom barl zazawan vehahel.	Azawan walks in order to sit.	B
So as not to: burl for barl	zazawan vowogal hogom burl zazawan vehahel.	Azawan walks so as not to sit.	I
Unless: burl for barl	zazawan vowogal thoyem burl zalahen vezebal.	Azawan walks unless Alahen sleeps.	I
So … that: the result happened	zazawan welavam gadadal hodum barl zazawar vezebal.	Azawan is so tired that they sleep.	I
As soon as	zazawan vowogal wadehum hanom barl zalahen vehahel.	Azawan walks as soon as Alahen sits.	B

Times with a noun

Put an event or period in /b/ right after the time pole. Until says this event lasts up to the endpoint; by says it is done at the endpoint or sooner. On a noun, swap /h/ for /ɡ/.

Job	Example	English	Stage
During	zazawan vowogal huwem bavodel.	Azawan walks during the thunderstorm.	B
After	zazawan vehahel hanom bavodel.	Azawan sits after the thunderstorm.	B
By	zazawan vowogal heveham bavodel.	Azawan walks by the thunderstorm.	B
A noun in time	zalahen dowogal ganom bavodel vahahal.	Alahen sees the walk after the thunderstorm.	I

On a noun the poles are guwem during, gabam before, ganom after, gomam until, and geveham by. Since is from on a time.

Keep the same speech move going

A linker is an /x/ word that opens the next sentence under the same speech act, with no act word of its own. Linkers use the abstract -m. Any other /x/ word sets the topic. A linker and a topic word do not share a sentence.

English	Agazan	Stage
therefore	xodum	B
however	xezom	I
meanwhile	xagagam	I
next: clears the topic	xevavem	I
but: a harder push-back than however	xagezam	I
by the way: clears the topic	xavazem	I

Three take -l for a firm link.

Agazan	Use	English	Stage
xodul	the next claim follows necessarily	it follows that	I
xezol	the contrast stands	nevertheless / even so	I
xagezal	the last claim is blocked and replaced	on the contrary	I

Job	Example	English	Stage
Therefore	zodogal vowogal. xodum zagadul varahal.	A dog walks. Therefore a cat runs.	B
On the contrary	zalahen vezebal vul. xagezal zalahen varahal.	Alahen isn't sleeping. On the contrary, Alahen is running.	I
Topic, then linker	xazawan. xezom zalahen varahal.	Now, about Azawan. However, Alahen runs.	I
Linker in a new turn	yom xevavem zehon vowogal.	So, do you want to walk?	I

Linkers come only at the start of a sentence. They never follow a clause join and never open the sentence after a stand-in. Writing and speech rhythm for all of these is one table.

Hosted relations

The relation word takes the other noun as its /b/ right after it. Use /h/ on an event and /ɡ/ on a noun, and an optional /w/ degree word right before the relation word. With no /b/ after a joined subject, the other members are the target (alike).

Like, for, on behalf of

Event / noun	Use	English	Stage
humum / gumum	resemblance to a model	like	B
humul / gumul	an exact match	exactly like	I
hehem / gehem	the other side of a swap	in exchange for	B
hadem / gadem	authorized agency	on behalf of	B

Job	Example	English	Stage
Like, on an event	zazawan humum badagul vowogal.	Azawan walks like a duck.	B
Like, on a noun	zahazal gumum bazawan.	A house like Azawan's.	B
Like an event: barl	zazawan vowogal humum barl zadagul vezewel.	Azawan walks the way a duck swims.	B
Alike	zazawan zalahen zal gumum.	Azawan and Alahen are alike.	B
Exactly like	zazawan humul badagul vowogal.	Azawan walks exactly like a duck.	I
In exchange	zazawan dugul hehem bahavol vehem.	Azawan trades a book for a hammer.	B
On behalf of	zazawan hadem balahen vezebel.	Azawan tells on behalf of Alahen.	B

Where, around, between

Plain in, on, at, from, toward are hooks; write the source before the goal. Between, across, and around need a root.

Event / noun	Use	English	Stage
hazam / gazam	between two landmarks (one joined /b/)	between	I
hebum / gebum	from one edge to the far edge	across	I
hugem / gugem	on all sides of one landmark	around	I

Job	Example	English	Stage
Between	zalahen vehahel hazam bedehal bezedel bal.	Alahen sits between a train and a station.	I
Across	zazawan vowogal hebum bezedel.	Azawan walks across the station.	I
Around	zagadulx vehahel hugem bedehal.	Cats sit around a train.	I
From, toward	zazawan ul bezedel vowogal oel bedehal.	Azawan walks from a station toward a train.	I
Out of, in	zalahen ual bahazal varahal al bedehal.	Alahen runs out of a house into a train.	I

Of

English of names how one noun sits toward another. The /b/ is what comes after of.

Event / noun	Use	English	Stage
hobom / gobom	a constitutive piece	part of	I
hahem / gahem	filling of a vessel	contents of	I
huwum / guwum	the material	made of	I
hagum / gagum	origin	from (origin)	I
hozazom / gozazom	a portion cut from a whole	a piece of / a slice of	I

Job	Example	English	Stage
Part of	zazawan dahadal gobom balahen vahahal.	Azawan sees a hand of Alahen.	I
Contents of	zazawan dedebul gahem bedehel vahahal.	Azawan sees a teapot of tea.	I
Made of	zazawan dahazal guwum buwul vahahal.	Azawan sees a house of wood.	I
From	zalahen gagum bezagal vowogal.	Alahen of the city walks.	I
A piece of: substance first	zazawan debevul gozazom vahahal.	Azawan sees a piece of bread.	I

Social ties

Put the tie root on /ɡ/ with -m, then the other person in /b/.

Agazan	Use	English	Stage
gemezem + /b/	companion of /b/	friend of	I
gagayem + /b/	the one /b/ answers to	boss of	I
gohoham + /b/	partner of /b/	partner of	I
gobadam + /b/	the one /b/ looks after	in the care of	I

Job	Example	English	Stage
Friend of	zalahen gemezem bazawan.	Alahen is Azawan's friend.	I
Friends	zazawan zalahen zal gemezem.	Azawan and Alahen are friends.	I
In the care of	zalahen gobadam bazawan.	Alahen is in Azawan's care.	I

As of

Whose-now is speech-now unless you move it. huhum claims the moment as real; huram only holds a place. /h/ covers the clause, /ɡ/ one noun, /w/ the adjective right after, /th/ the stances. A clause takes one pair; to keep the same whose-now, repeat the word with -r and no /b/.

Agazan	Use	English	Stage
huhum / guhum / wuhum	a real now	as of (dated ledger)	A
huram / guram / wuram	a placeholder now	as of (placeholder now)	A
huhur / hurar	resume that whose-now	same books	A

Agazan	Use	English	Stage
thuhum	stances as of a real now	I thought / I felt (then)	A
thuram	stances as of a now you are not claiming	I would think / I'd feel	A
thuhur / thurar	resume that stance-now	still as I saw it then	A

Job	Example	English	Stage
As of a date	zalahen thamom huhum b_#22,7 vedabal.	As of 22 July, Alahen had still left.	A
Resume the same now	zalahen thamom huhum b_#22,7 vedabal. xazawan thamom huhur vowogal.	…Azawan had still walked, same books.	A
Stance then	zalahen thuhum b_#22,7 thovum vedabal.	On 22 July, I thought Alahen might leave.	A
Back then	zalahen thuhum brul thovum vedabal.	Back then, I thought Alahen might leave.	A

Same root as

Each pole, linker, and relation word is the abstract sense of an ordinary root. Use the picture to remember it.

Forms	Same root as	Stage
thavem because, thoyem if, tholum only if, thedam if and only if	avel 🧱, oyel 🚪, olul 🧻, edal ↔️	B
hezom although, huwem while, homam until, heveham by the time	ezol 🦓, uwel ♊, omal ⏲️, evehal 🏁	B
habam before, hanom after, hogom so that	abal 🎒, anol ⌛, ogol 🥅	B
xodum, xezom, xagagam	odum ➡️, ezom 🦓, agagam 🕰️	I
xevavem, xagezam, xavazem	evavem 🎞️, agezam 🚧, avazem 🍟	I
humum like, hehem in exchange for, hadem on behalf of	umul 🪞, ehel 💱, adel 🪪	B
hazam between, hebum across, hugem around	azal 🥪, ebul 🌉, ugel 🎠	I
hobom part of, hahem contents of, huwum made of	obol 🦴, ahel 🫙, uwul 🪵	I
hagum from, hozazom a piece of	agul 🗾, ozazol 🪚	I
gemezem friend, gagayem boss, gohoham partner, gobadam care	emezel Mrs Claus, agayel crown, ohohal holding hands, obadal house plant	I
huhum as of (ledger), huram as of (placeholder)	uhul 📒, ural 🔖	A

Don't mix up

This	vs	That
darl that … (a statement as content)		dorl whether … (a question as content)
derl to … (an instruction)		durl not to … (something to avoid)
darl that … (points forward)		darth so (points back)
hogom barl so that (an aim, not claimed)		hodum barl so … that (the result happened)
thoyem barl if (a condition)		dorl whether (an open question)
xodum therefore (starts a sentence)		hezom barl although (attaches a clause)
humum like (resembles, and is real)		humul exactly like (a perfect match)
gahem contents of (what a vessel holds)		al in (a place hook)
hadem on behalf of (an agent)		hehem in exchange for (the other half of a swap)
huhum as of (a dated now)		hanom after (a time for the event)