Appearance
Hosted relations
Some English prepositions need a content root of their own (like, for in a swap, on behalf of, between, part of, as of). Agazan writes each one as a relation word on /h/ (or /ɡ/ on a noun), followed by an extra noun in /b/ that completes it. Everyday in / at / from / for (a get) / using are hooks instead.
On this page
Beginner
You already write like Azawan as a hosted pair (humum bazawan): a relation word, then the extra noun /b/ right after it. The same shape covers the other prepositions on this page: pick the relation root, then put /b/ after it. A /w/ word that grades the relation sits immediately before the /h/ or /ɡ/ word.
Like (resembles)
When English says something resembles a model (walks like a duck, a house like Azawan’s), keep the same hosted pair as on the clause page. The relation word is humum. Put the model in /b/ right after it. Optional /w/ sits immediately before the relation word. The event or thing itself is real; the /b/ word is only what it is compared to. (cue: 🪞 mirror: you see a reflection, not the same object twice)
zazawan humum badagul vowogal.z-Azawan | [h-like | b-duck] | v-walk
"Azawan walks like a duck."
zazawan welavam humum badagul vowogal.z-Azawan | [[w-very | h-like] | b-duck] | v-walk
"Azawan walks very like a duck."
On a noun, the same root is gumum:
zahazal gumum bazawan.z-house | [g-like | b-Azawan]
"A house like Azawan’s."
When the model is an event (walks the way a duck swims), put barl after humum and say that event as the next sentence. Keep the pair last, as with because. You are not claiming that the model event happened; it is only the comparison.
zazawan vowogal humum barl zadagul vezewel.z-Azawan | v-walk | [h-like | b-that-clause] | z-duck | v-swim
"Azawan walks the way a duck swims."
As a plain noun, zumul is a mirror.
With no /b/ after a joined subject, the model is the other members: each one resembles the others. That is English alike / similar to each other. Every hosted relation follows this rule.
zazawan zalahen zal gumum.[z-Azawan | z-Alahen | z-and | g-like]
"Azawan and Alahen are alike."
zazawan zalahen zal humum vowogal.[z-Azawan | z-Alahen | z-and] | h-like | v-walk
"Azawan and Alahen walk alike."
Compare with: a /b/ word with no relation word before it is the recipient. In a house is a hook (al bahazal). Using a tool is also a hook. Giving one person two labels is not resemblance, so it does not use this pair. As sleepy as compares how far two things have a quality, not whether one resembles the other. As if they walk says the walk may not be real; with like, the walk is real.
| Agazan | Use | English | Same root as | Cue |
|---|---|---|---|---|
humum / gumum | resemblance to a model | like | umul mirror | 🪞: the image is of the model |
Exchange (for)
When English names the other side of a swap (a book for a hammer), use the same hosted pair as like. The relation word is hehem. Put what is given in return in /b/ right after it. That extra noun is the other half of the trade, not who receives the book. (cue: 💱 currency-exchange: the arrows swap one thing for another; /b/ is the other side)
zazawan dugul hehem bahavol vehem.z-Azawan | d-book | [h-in-exchange-for | b-hammer] | v-convertibility
"Azawan trades a book for a hammer."
On a noun, the same root is gehem (dugul gehem bahavol a book for a hammer). As a plain noun, zehel is a currency exchange. As a verb, vehem is to trade (the convertibility act).
Compare with: a /b/ word with no relation word before it is the recipient (a book for Alahen as who gets it). Using a tool is a hook. Like a duck is simile. In a house is a hook (al).
| Agazan | Use | English | Same root as | Cue |
|---|---|---|---|---|
hehem / gehem | consideration / countervalue | in exchange for | ehel currency-exchange | 💱: the arrows swap one side for the other |
Proxy (on behalf of)
When English says someone acts as another person’s agent (tells on behalf of Alahen), use the same hosted pair as like. The relation word is hadem. Put that person in /b/ right after it. The subject does the act; /b/ is the person they act for, not who hears the telling. (cue: 🪪 id: the card stands as an authorized face; /b/ is that person)
zazawan hadem balahen vezebel.z-Azawan | [h-on-behalf-of | b-Alahen] | v-tell
"Azawan tells on behalf of Alahen."
A recipient /b/ can follow once the pair is complete: zazawan hadem balahen vezebel bahaben (tells Ahaben on behalf of Alahen). On a noun, the same root is gadem (dugul gadem balahen a book on behalf of Alahen). As a plain noun, zadel is an id.
Compare with: a /b/ word with no relation word before it is who hears the telling. Using a tool is a hook. A book for a hammer as a swap is exchange. In a house is a hook (al).
| Agazan | Use | English | Same root as | Cue |
|---|---|---|---|---|
hadem / gadem | authorized agency | on behalf of | adel id | 🪪: the card stands as their face |
Practice
Short drills for Beginner. Try each item before opening Show answer.
Setting: a tool crib
New words:
| English | Agazan | Cue |
|---|---|---|
| hammer | ahavol | 🔨 |
| duck | adagul | 🦆 |
| walk | vowogal | 🚶 |
| like | humum | 🪞 from mirror: the image is of the model |
| in-exchange-for | hehem | 💱 from currency-exchange: the arrows swap one side for the other |
| on-behalf-of | hadem | 🪪 from id: the card stands as their face |
Review:
| English | Agazan |
|---|---|
| Azawan | azawan |
| Alahen | alahen |
| Ahaben | ahaben |
| guard | agavol |
| pay | vamol |
| knife | anaval |
| write | varadal |
| pencil | ebeyol |
| find | vamagal |
| very | welavam |
| sneak | vezevul |
| haste | hadehum |
| run | varahal |
| tell | vezebel |
English → Agazan
1. Alahen walks like a guard.
Show answer
zalahen humum bagavol vowogal.
z-Alahen | [h-like | b-guard] | v-walk
Also correct: zalahen vowogal humum bagavol.
2. Ahaben pays money for a knife.
Show answer
zahaben damol hehem banaval vamol.
z-Ahaben | d-money | [h-in-exchange-for | b-knife] | v-pay
3. Alahen writes on behalf of Azawan.
Show answer
zalahen hadem bazawan varadal.
z-Alahen | [h-on-behalf-of | b-Azawan] | v-write
4. Ahaben finds a pencil like Azawan's.
Show answer
zahaben debeyol gumum bazawan vamagal.
z-Ahaben | [d-pencil | [g-like | b-Azawan]] | v-find
5. Alahen sneaks very like a duck.
Show answer
zalahen welavam humum badagul vezevul.
z-Alahen | [[w-very | h-like] | b-duck] | v-sneak
6. Azawan and Ahaben walk alike.
Show answer
zazawan zahaben zal humum vowogal.
[z-Azawan | z-Ahaben | z-and] | h-like | v-walk
Agazan → English
1. zalahen hadem bahaben vamol.
Show answer
z-Alahen | [h-on-behalf-of | b-Ahaben] | v-pay
Alahen pays on behalf of Ahaben.
2. zazawan hadehum vowogal humum barl zadagul varahal.
Show answer
z-Azawan | h-haste | v-walk | [h-like | b-that-clause] | z-duck | v-run
Azawan walks hastily, the way a duck runs.
3. zahaben zalahen zal gumum.
Show answer
[z-Ahaben | z-Alahen | z-and | g-like]
Ahaben and Alahen are alike.
4. zagavol humum bazawan vezebel bahaben.
Show answer
z-guard | [h-like | b-Azawan] | v-tell | b-Ahaben
The guard tells Ahaben, like Azawan does.
5. zazawan welavam gumum badagul.
Show answer
z-Azawan | [[w-very | g-like] | b-duck]
Azawan is very like a duck.
Pick one
1. Azawan tells Ahaben on behalf of Alahen. zazawan hadem balahen vezebel bahaben. or zazawan hadem bahaben vezebel balahen.
Show answer
zazawan hadem balahen vezebel bahaben.
z-Azawan | [h-on-behalf-of | b-Alahen] | v-tell | b-Ahaben
The /b/ right after hadem is the one acted for; the next /b/ is who hears it.
2. Ahaben walks like a duck. zahaben humum badagul vowogal. or zahaben badagul humum vowogal.
Show answer
zahaben humum badagul vowogal.
z-Ahaben | [h-like | b-duck] | v-walk
The model goes in /b/ right after humum; before it, badagul is a recipient.
Fix it
1. Azawan pays money for a hammer. zazawan damol bahavol vamol.
Show answer
zazawan damol hehem bahavol vamol.
z-Azawan | d-money | [h-in-exchange-for | b-hammer] | v-pay
Without hehem, the hammer is the one paid; for a swap puts it in /b/ after hehem.
Intermediate
Exactly like (humul / gumul)
Beginner used humum / gumum for like: the event or thing resembles the model in /b/. When the match is exact (walks exactly like a duck, a house just like Azawan's), end the same relation word in -l instead: humul on the event, gumul on a noun. The model sits in /b/ right after it, as before, and the event or thing is still real. (cue: -l ≈ locked: the reflection matches the model line for line)
zazawan humul badagul vowogal.z-Azawan | [h-exactly-like | b-duck] | v-walk
"Azawan walks exactly like a duck."
zahazal gumul bazawan.z-house | [g-exactly-like | b-Azawan]
"A house just like Azawan's."
Related form: a degree word before humum grades the match instead (wamazam humum badagul a bit like a duck).
Locative relations
Everyday in / on / at / from / toward / through / out of are extra-noun hooks. To say where someone moves from and to, use one hook for each landmark (from one, toward another), and write the source before the goal.
zazawan ul bezedel vowogal oel bedehal.z-Azawan | [from | b-station] | v-walk | [toward | b-train]
"Azawan walks from a station toward a train."
zazawan ul bahazal vowogal ol bezedel.z-Azawan | [from | b-house] | v-walk | [at | b-station]
"Azawan walks from a house to a station."
zalahen ual bahazal varahal al bedehal.z-Alahen | [out-of | b-house] | v-run | [in | b-train]
"Alahen runs out of a house into a train."
The guard in a bank uses the same hook on a noun, not a who-clause:
zagavol al babagul vehahel.z-guard | [in | b-bank] | v-sit
"A guard in a bank sits."
Between needs a root, not a hook: the position depends on two landmarks at once. Use hosted hazam (or gazam on a noun) and put both landmarks in /b/ as a join. (cue: 🥪 sandwich: the filling sits between two sides)
zalahen vehahel hazam bedehal bezedel bal.z-Alahen | v-sit | [h-between | [b-train | b-station | b-and]]
"Alahen sits between a train and a station."
The /b/ after the relation word is one slot. A join (bal) or a plural fills it whole; the landmarks do not each need their own /b/. The same holds on a noun:
zazawan gazam bedehal bezedel bal vehahel.[z-Azawan | [g-between | [b-train | b-station | b-and]]] | v-sit
"Azawan, between a train and a station, sits."
As a plain noun, zazal is a sandwich.
Across also needs a root. The hook uol through passes through the inside of the landmark (a crowd, a tunnel). hebum goes from one edge to the far edge (a street, a river). Put the landmark in /b/ right after it. (cue: 🌉 bridge: a bridge spans the gap)
zazawan vowogal hebum bezedel.z-Azawan | v-walk | [h-across | b-station]
"Azawan walks across the station."
On a noun it is gebum: Azawan, across the station, sits. As a plain noun, zebul is a bridge.
Around needs a root too: the person or thing is on all sides of one landmark, like a ring. Use hosted hugem (or gugem on a noun) with the landmark in /b/. (cue: 🎠 carousel: the horses ride on all sides of the center pole)
zagadulx vehahel hugem bedehal.z-cat-x | v-sit | [h-around | b-train]
"Cats sit around a train."
As a plain noun, zugel is a carousel. om near says only that the person or thing is close, not that it surrounds the landmark.
| Agazan | Use | English | Same root as | Cue |
|---|---|---|---|---|
hazam / gazam | position between two landmarks | between | azal sandwich | 🥪: the filling sits between two sides |
hebum / gebum | path from one edge of the landmark to the far edge | across | ebul bridge | 🌉: a bridge spans the gap |
hugem / gugem | on all sides of one landmark | around | ugel carousel | 🎠: the horses ride on all sides of the pole |
Compare with: a /b/ word with no relation word before it is the recipient. Numeric from 3 to 5 is a range. Like is simile. For a hammer as a swap is exchange. On behalf of Alahen is proxy. English of that is not a place is of relations.
Of relations (part of, cup of, made of, from)
English of also names how one noun sits toward another (a hand of Alahen, a teapot of tea, a house of wood, Alahen from the city). Use the same hosted pair as like: the relation word on /ɡ/ (or /h/ on the event), and the extra noun in /b/ right after it. The /b/ word is what comes after of in English (the whole, the filling, the material, or the origin), not a recipient.
zazawan dahadal gobom balahen vahahal.z-Azawan | [d-hand | [g-part-of | b-Alahen]] | v-see
"Azawan sees a hand of Alahen."
zazawan dedebul gahem bedehel vahahal.z-Azawan | [d-teapot | [g-contents | b-tea]] | v-see
"Azawan sees a teapot of tea."
zazawan dahazal guwum buwul vahahal.z-Azawan | [d-house | [g-material | b-wood]] | v-see
"Azawan sees a house of wood."
zalahen gagum bezagal vowogal.[z-Alahen | [g-origin | b-skyline]] | v-walk
"Alahen of the city walks."
On an event, the same roots take /h/ (zazawan vageval huwum buwul Azawan crafts out of wood; zalahen vowogal hagum bezagal Alahen walks, originating from the city). As plain nouns, the same roots name ordinary things (zobol a bone; zahel a jar; zuwul wood; zagul a country).
For a piece of a mass, put the substance first and gozazom right after it. With no /b/, the whole it was cut from is left open.
zazawan debevul gozazom vahahal.z-Azawan | [d-bread | g-division] | v-see
"Azawan sees a piece of bread."
Do not flip the pair: tea of the teapot (tea that sits in that pot) is the in hook (al), not gahem.
| Agazan | Use | English | Same root as | Cue |
|---|---|---|---|---|
hobom / gobom | constitutive piece | part of | obol bone | 🦴: the piece that holds the body’s shape |
hahem / gahem | filling of a vessel | contents of | ahel jar | 🫙: the vessel named by what it stores |
huwum / guwum | constitution | made of | uwul wood | 🪵: the stuff the thing is made of |
hagum / gagum | identity source / provenance | from (origin) | agul country | 🗾: a map of one country as where it comes from |
hozazom / gozazom | portion cut from a whole | a piece of / a slice of | ozazol saw | 🪚: the saw cuts a piece off |
Compare with:
- Plain Azawan's, with no particular tie, is the hook
em(zodogal em bazawan). Ownership isgegabem+/b/(joins). A need from sakes on/ɡ/also says the thing is the speaker's. - Place in is the hook
al; path from is the hookul(locative relations). - A house like Azawan’s is simile (
gumum), not made of. A book for a hammer as a swap is exchange (gehem). gobomis a part that belongs to the thing's structure (a bone of the body);gozazomis a piece taken off it (a slice of bread).- A portion of a class is percent. A person and their associates take plural -x, not part of.
- From as the origin of a whole kind (
ROOTl#e-) is numeric derivation, not this from, which is about one particular thing.
Social relations (Azawan's friend, boss)
English 's also names a social tie (Azawan's friend, Azawan's boss). Put the root for the tie on /ɡ/ with -m (the abstract sense), and put the other person in hosted /b/ right after it, as with the of relations. /b/ is the person the tie points to.
zalahen gemezem bazawan.z-Alahen | [g-companionship | b-Azawan]
"Alahen is Azawan's friend."
zazawan dalahen gagayem bazawan vahahal.z-Azawan | [d-Alahen | [g-leadership | b-Azawan]] | v-see
"Azawan sees Alahen, Azawan's boss."
With no /b/ after a joined subject, the tie points at the other members, as with gumum (similative). The other party is left out.
zazawan zalahen zal gemezem.[z-Azawan | z-Alahen | z-and | g-companionship]
"Azawan and Alahen are friends."
Any root whose abstract sense is a tie works this way (gohoham partner of, ganam bound to). To name the other side of the tie without repeating anyone, use the role compound with o: after zalahen gemezem bazawan, zoxemezer is the other party of that friendship (Azawan).
| Agazan | Use | English | Same root as |
|---|---|---|---|
gemezem + /b/ | companion of /b/ | friend of | emezel Mrs Claus |
gagayem + /b/ | the one /b/ answers to | boss of | agayel crown |
gohoham + /b/ | partner of /b/ | partner of | ohohal holding hands |
gobadam + /b/ | the one /b/ looks after | in the care of (Azawan's patient, team) | obadal house plant |
A tie of care (Azawan's patient, Azawan's team) is gobadam: /b/ looks after the person. It says Azawan is responsible for them, not that Azawan owns or uses them. (cue: 🪴 a house plant needs someone to tend it)
zalahen gobadam bazawan.z-Alahen | [g-tending | b-Azawan]
"Alahen is in Azawan's care."
Compare with: kin uses generation numbers (kin generations). Plain Azawan's, with the tie left unsaid, is the hook em. Ownership is gegabem. Part of is gobom.
Practice
Short drills for Intermediate. Try each item before opening Show answer.
Setting: a train platform
New words:
| English | Agazan | Cue |
|---|---|---|
| station | ezedel | 🚉 |
| house | ahazal | 🏠 |
| companionship | gemezem | 🤶 from Mrs Claus: a companion at your side |
| exactly-like | humul | 🪞 from mirror: -l for an exact match, -m for like |
| between | hazam | 🥪 from sandwich: the filling sits between two sides |
| across | hebum | 🌉 from bridge: a bridge spans the gap |
| around | hugem | 🎠 from carousel: on all sides of the center pole |
| contents | gahem | 🫙 from jar: the vessel named by what it stores |
| origin | gagum | 🗾 from country: where it comes from |
Review:
| English | Agazan |
|---|---|
| Azawan | azawan |
| Alahen | alahen |
| Ahaben | ahaben |
| duck | adagul |
| train | edehal |
| ticket | edegal |
| luggage | alagel |
| teapot | edebul |
| wine | awahel |
| ant | anadol |
| bread | ebevul |
| saw | ozazol |
| smell | vonozal |
| walk | vowogal |
| run | varahal |
| sit | vehahel |
| see | vahahal |
| find | vamagal |
English → Agazan
1. Alahen runs exactly like a duck.
Show answer
zalahen humul badagul varahal.
z-Alahen | [h-exactly-like | b-duck] | v-run
2. Ahaben walks from a house to a station.
Show answer
zahaben ul bahazal vowogal ol bezedel.
z-Ahaben | [from | b-house] | v-walk | [at | b-station]
3. Azawan sits between the luggage and a train.
Show answer
zazawan vehahel hazam balagel bedehal bal.
z-Azawan | v-sit | [h-between | [b-luggage | b-train | b-and]]
4. Ahaben sees a teapot of wine.
Show answer
zahaben dedebul gahem bawahel vahahal.
z-Ahaben | [d-teapot | [g-contents | b-wine]] | v-see
5. Ahaben is Alahen's friend.
Show answer
zahaben gemezem balahen.
z-Ahaben | [g-companionship | b-Alahen]
6. Alahen runs across the station.
Show answer
zalahen varahal hebum bezedel.
z-Alahen | v-run | [h-across | b-station]
Agazan → English
1. zahaben ual bedehal vowogal ol bezedel.
Show answer
z-Ahaben | [out-of | b-train] | v-walk | [at | b-station]
Ahaben walks out of a train to the station.
2. zanadolx vehahel hugem balagel.
Show answer
z-ant-x | v-sit | [h-around | b-luggage]
Ants sit around the luggage.
3. zalahen dedegal gagum bezedel vamagal.
Show answer
z-Alahen | [d-ticket | [g-origin | b-station]] | v-find
Alahen finds a ticket from the station.
4. zalagel gumul balahen.
Show answer
z-luggage | [g-exactly-like | b-Alahen]
Luggage just like Alahen's.
5. zazawan zahaben zal gemezem.
Show answer
[z-Azawan | z-Ahaben | z-and | g-companionship]
Azawan and Ahaben are friends.
6. zalahen debevul gozazom vonozal.
Show answer
z-Alahen | [d-bread | g-division] | v-smell
Alahen smells a piece of bread.
Pick one
1. Alahen walks like a duck (resembles it). zalahen humum badagul vowogal. or zalahen humul badagul vowogal.
Show answer
zalahen humum badagul vowogal.
z-Alahen | [h-like | b-duck] | v-walk
-m is resemblance; -l would claim an exact match.
Fix it
1. Ahaben sits between the train and the station. zahaben vehahel hazam bedehal bezedel.
Show answer
zahaben vehahel hazam bedehal bezedel bal.
z-Ahaben | v-sit | [h-between | [b-train | b-station | b-and]]
Both landmarks fill the one /b/ slot after hazam, so join them with bal.
Advanced
As-of (whose now)
English as of Friday, would, was going to, and if he had mix two times: when the event happens, and which “now” the rest of the sentence is measured from (what is still left over, what used to be the pattern, what is planned, what is forecast). Call that second one whose-now.
Agazan keeps the two apart. With no extra marking, whose-now is speech-now, the moment you are speaking. To move it, write a hosted pair: huhum when you claim that moment as real (a dated entry in the record), huram when it is only a placeholder you are not claiming. Put the moment (the snapshot) in /b/ immediately after. (cue: 📒 ledger stamps a dated line in the books; 🔖 bookmark holds the place without stamping)
zalahen thamom huhum b_#22,7 vedabal.z-Alahen | th-RESIDUE | [h-as-of.ledger | b-_22,7] | v-departure
"As of 22 July, Alahen had still left."
zazawan huhum b_#22,7 vehahel al bahazal.z-Azawan | [h-as-of.ledger | b-_22,7] | v-sit | [in | b-house]
"As of 22 July, Azawan is in a house." (the event is concurrent with that now)
The pair covers only its own clause. To keep the same whose-now in a following /x/ clause, repeat the same word with -r and no /b/ (huhur / hurar). A new pair with its own /b/ replaces whose-now, whether it repeats the word or switches between huhum and huram. A clause (or a noun or adjective, below) takes at most one as-of pair.
zalahen thamom huhum b_#22,7 vedabal. xazawan thamom huhur vowogal.z-Alahen | th-RESIDUE | [h-as-of.ledger | b-_22,7] | v-departure . x-Azawan | th-RESIDUE | h-as-of.ledger | v-walk
"As of 22 July, Alahen had still left. Azawan had still walked, same books."
The role letter says what the snapshot applies to: /h/ the whole clause, /ɡ/ one noun (guhum the tab as of Friday), and /w/ the /ɡ/ adjective immediately after the pair (wuhum b_#22,7 gamadam). These are separate, so one clause may carry a clause snapshot and an adjective snapshot at once. A noun or adjective snapshot does not reach the verb: if the verb should also count from that now, the clause needs its own /h/ as-of (or a resume).
The /b/ after the pair can be:
- a clock time or date digit string
- an event noun
barl, with the next sentence as whose-now (the pair then goes last)- extra-noun -r, which points back to a time already said (on a date, -r is written
=:b=_#22,7is that 22 July again; see the example below where Alahen walks on 22 July)
It is never an offset from speech-now such as three hours ago: that would date the event without saying how you know the date, so an undated past event needs a dated channel. The as-of word already carries the date, so do not also write a separate h_#22,7 for the same snapshot. A bare h_#… with no pair dates the event itself (time). A clock time, before, or after may sit beside an as-of pair.
Do not put a bare person in /b/ to mean “from Alahen’s now.” A person after hadem is proxy. To mean as of when Alahen told it, use barl and a sentence: huhum barl zalahen vezebel.
Once whose-now is set, these count from it:
- A forecast offset (
bral) counts forward from that now. - PLAN is planned from that now.
- RESIDUE is what is still left over at that now.
- FORMER means the pattern no longer held at that now.
- A bare verb happens at that now.
MAY, DECISION, CAUSE, and every other stance still count from speech-now; to move them too, use stance as-of. Evidentials, apart from LIVE at the snapshot, still say how you know at speech-now.
zazawan zalahen zel wuhum b_#22,7 gamadam.[z-Azawan | z-Alahen | z-rank/more | [[w-as-of.ledger | b-_22,7] | g-challenge]]
"As of 22 July, Azawan is more challenging than Alahen." (
/w/does not retarget the verb)
zamol thamom huhum bedabal.z-money | th-RESIDUE | [h-as-of.ledger | b-departure]
"As of the leaving, the money still stood."
zazawan huhum b_#22,7 habam bedabal vehahel al bahazal.z-Azawan | [h-as-of.ledger | b-_22,7] | [h-before | b-departure] | v-sit | [in | b-house]
"As of 22 July, Azawan is in a house before the leaving." (whose-now and the event's own time are separate)
zalahen vowogal ol b_#22,7. xalahen thamom huhum b=_#22,7 vedabal.z-Alahen | v-walk | [at | b-_22,7] . x-Alahen | th-RESIDUE | [h-as-of.ledger | b-←_22,7] | v-departure
"Alahen walks on 22 July. As of that date, the leaving still stood."
zalahen thamom vedabal huhum barl zalahen vezebel.z-Alahen | th-RESIDUE | v-departure | [h-as-of.ledger | b-that-clause] | z-Alahen | v-tell
"As of when Alahen told it, the departure still stood." (the telling sets whose-now; it is not what is left over)
zalahen thamom huhum b_#22,7 vedabal. xazawan thobam bral huram b_#23,7 vowogal.z-Alahen | th-RESIDUE | [h-as-of.ledger | b-_22,7] | v-departure . x-Azawan | [th-PATTERN | b-later] | [h-as-of.bookmark | b-_23,7] | v-walk
"As of 22 July, Alahen had still left. From a 23 July placeholder, Azawan would walk, going by the pattern." (a new pair replaces whose-now)
An as-of pair inside a finished inner clause cannot be resumed later in the main clause. huhur on its own parses, but write it only after a clause that set whose-now with huhum and a /b/.
Compare with: after hanom and extra-noun ol at place the event in time or next to a landmark; they do not set whose-now. Causal if thoyem is a condition judged at speech-now, not English if he had (huram). NOTIONAL is pretend, not a placeholder now. Scope islands limit how far a join reaches; they do not carry an as-of forward. On the next clause, repeat the evidential, resume the as-of, or both.
| Agazan | Use | English | Same root as | Cue |
|---|---|---|---|---|
huhum / guhum / wuhum | asserted whose-now | as of (dated ledger) | uhul ledger | 📒: a dated line in the books |
huram / guram / wuram | unasserted whose-now | as of (placeholder now) | ural bookmark | 🔖: hold the place without stamping |
huhur / hurar | resume that whose-now | same books | same | -r restates the stem; no /b/ |
Stance as-of
A stance is yours at speech-now: thovum is how unsure you are as you speak, and a sake or feeling word is how you stand now. English I was sure then, back then it stung, and I'd be relieved date the stance itself. Put the same as-of pair on /th/: thuhum for a real now, thuram for a now you are not claiming, then the snapshot in /b/. Every stance word in the clause, including MAY, DECISION, CAUSE, sakes, and feelings, then reads from that now.
zalahen thuhum b_#22,7 thovum vedabal.z-Alahen | [th-as-of.ledger | b-_22,7] | th-MAY | v-departure
"On 22 July, I thought Alahen might leave." (the doubt was then; nothing is said about now)
zalahen thovum vedabal.z-Alahen | th-MAY | v-departure
"Maybe Alahen left." (the doubt is now)
/th/ as-of moves only the stances. /h/ as-of moves the event's books. A clause may carry one of each, so a past stance can sit next to a past event:
zalahen thuhum b_#22,7 thovum huhum b_#22,7 vedabal.z-Alahen | [th-as-of.ledger | b-_22,7] | th-MAY | [h-as-of.ledger | b-_22,7] | v-departure
"On 22 July, I thought Alahen might have left by then."
With thuram, the stance is one you would hold, not one you held:
zalahen thovum vedabal thuram barl zazawan vezebel.z-Alahen | th-MAY | v-departure | [th-as-of.bookmark | b-that-clause] | z-Azawan | v-tell
"Once Azawan told, I'd think Alahen might leave." (a placeholder now for the doubt)
Resume works as on /h/: thuhur / thurar with no /b/ on the next /x/ clause keeps the same stance-now.
Unlike the event pair, stance as-of also takes a signed offset from speech-now in its /b/, because it dates only your stance, not the event. Digitless brul is back then, with no amount claimed:
zalahen thuhum brul thovum vedabal.z-Alahen | [th-as-of.ledger | b-earlier] | th-MAY | v-departure
"Back then, I thought Alahen might leave."
Changing your mind is then a change of now, not a contradiction: I was fairly sure on the 22nd (thuhum) and I'm unsure now (no pair) are both true.
Compare with: an evidential is how you know at speech-now, even under /th/ as-of. Someone else's stance takes a holder; with one, thuhum dates their stance. I remember feeling it is a remembering channel (thevom) plus thuhum.
| Agazan | Use | English | Cue |
|---|---|---|---|
thuhum | stances as of a real now | I thought / I felt (then) | 📒: a dated line |
thuram | stances as of a now you are not claiming | I would think / I'd feel | 🔖: a held place |
thuhur / thurar | resume that stance-now | still as I saw it then | -r restates |
Practice
Short drills for Advanced. Try each item before opening Show answer.
Setting: a records room
New words:
| English | Agazan | Cue |
|---|---|---|
| as-of.ledger | huhum | 📒 from ledger: a dated line in the books |
| as-of.bookmark | huram | 🔖 from bookmark: hold the place without stamping |
Review:
| English | Agazan |
|---|---|
| Azawan | azawan |
| Alahen | alahen |
| Ahaben | ahaben |
| RESIDUE | thamom |
| PATTERN | thobam |
| MAY | thovum |
| book | ugul |
| challenge | amadam |
| rain | erehel |
| departure | vedabal |
| sit | vehahel |
| tell | vezebel |
English → Agazan
1. As of 22 July, Alahen had still left.
Show answer
zalahen thamom huhum b_#22,7 vedabal.
z-Alahen | th-RESIDUE | [h-as-of.ledger | b-_22,7] | v-departure
2. the book as of 22 July
Show answer
zugul guhum b_#22,7.
z-book | [g-as-of.ledger | b-_22,7]
3. As of 22 July, Azawan is more challenging than Alahen.
Show answer
zazawan zalahen zel wuhum b_#22,7 gamadam.
[z-Azawan | z-Alahen | z-rank/more | [[w-as-of.ledger | b-_22,7] | g-challenge]]
4. On 22 July, I thought it might rain. (the doubt was then)
Show answer
thuhum b_#22,7 thovum verehel.
[th-as-of.ledger | b-_22,7] | th-MAY | v-rain
Agazan → English
1. zahaben thamom huhum b_#23,7 vedabal. xazawan thamom huhur vehahel.
Show answer
z-Ahaben | th-RESIDUE | [h-as-of.ledger | b-_23,7] | v-departure . x-Azawan | th-RESIDUE | h-as-of.ledger | v-sit
As of 23 July, Ahaben had still left. Azawan had still sat, same books.
2. thobam bral huram b_#22,7 verehel.
Show answer
[th-PATTERN | b-later] | [h-as-of.bookmark | b-_22,7] | v-rain
Taking 22 July as now (a placeholder), it would rain, going by the pattern.
3. zamol thamom huhum bedabal.
Show answer
z-money | th-RESIDUE | [h-as-of.ledger | b-departure]
As of the leaving, the money still stood.
4. zalahen thovum vedabal thuram barl zazawan vezebel.
Show answer
z-Alahen | th-MAY | v-departure | [th-as-of.bookmark | b-that-clause] | z-Azawan | v-tell
Once Azawan told, I'd think Alahen might leave.
Pick one
1. On 22 July, I thought Alahen might leave. (the doubt was then) zalahen thuhum b_#22,7 thovum vedabal. or zalahen huhum b_#22,7 thovum vedabal.
Show answer
zalahen thuhum b_#22,7 thovum vedabal.
z-Alahen | [th-as-of.ledger | b-_22,7] | th-MAY | v-departure
On /th/ the pair moves the stance; on /h/ it moves the event's books and leaves the doubt at speech-now.
What changes
1. zazawan huhum b_#22,7 vehahel. / zazawan huram b_#22,7 vehahel.
Show answer
z-Azawan | [h-as-of.ledger | b-_22,7] | v-sit
z-Azawan | [h-as-of.bookmark | b-_22,7] | v-sit
huhum claims 22 July as a real dated entry (as of 22 July, Azawan sits); huram only takes it as a placeholder now (taking 22 July as now, Azawan would sit).